2．意為“不遲于”、“到……時為止”。如：
Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的兒子在晚飯前會好的。
How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上個學期末你們已經學了多少首英語歌曲？
3．表示方法、手段，可譯作“靠”、“用”、“憑借”、“通過”、“乘坐”等。如：
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing. 猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。
The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph. 孩子的父親是那么的感激，于是他教愛迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報來傳達信息。
4．表示“逐個”、“逐批”的意思。如：
One by one they went past the table in the dark. 他們一個一個得在黑暗中經過這張桌子。
5．表示“根據”、“按照”的意思。如：
What time is it by your watch? 你的表幾點了?