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用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)中國(guó)春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)
用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)中國(guó)春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)1
After long-term wars, seven kingdoms, namely Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin, appeared as the most powerful states in this period, known as the “Seven Overlords” in history.
To expand their forces and territories, the seven overlords, on the one hand, carried out reforms in their own states to strengthen themselves and,on the other, were warring against each other and scheming to annex other states, which gave rise to the situation of seven powerful states existing side by side and struggling against each other.
Qin, situated in the remote west, used to be a vassal state enfeoffed by King Ping for Qin Xianggong’s contribution of escorting the king on his move east.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Mugong annexed twelve states, largely expanding his territory, making himself an overlord.
During the Warring States Period, Qin, because of its outlying position, was more backward than the states in the Central Plains.
When Qin Xiaogong was in power, Shangyang, an aristocratic descendant of the Wei kingdom, was entrusted by the monarch to carry out a series of reforms in 359 BC and 350 BC to strengthen the power of Qin.
Shangyang's reforms include abolishing the outdated well-field system, legalizing the private ownership of land, canceling the hereditary system of rank and initiating a county system.
In addition, Qin also paid attention to the development of agriculture.
Around 250 BC, Libing, a governor of Shu prefecture (present Sichuan Province), together with his son, directed the construction of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project, which not only controlled flooding but also irrigated the whole Chengdu Plain.
Qin, based on the reforms and improvements, quickly became a powerful state, laying a solid foundation for the future unification of China by Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
At the end of Warring States, the royal house of Eastern Zhou existed in name only. In 256 BC, Qin dispatched army and defeated the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Before long, after King Yingzheng succeeded to the throne, he expedited his project of annexation and finally in 221 BC united China and established a unified, multinational, autocratic and power-centralized state, putting an end to the Waning States Period.
At the end of Western Han Dynasty (206 BC—24 AD), Liu Xiang, based on the information about this period, compiled a book and named it the History of Warring States according to the character of this period. Later generations then named this chaotic era the Warring States Period.
用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)中國(guó)春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)2
Marked by overlord politics, this period was named after the book Spring and Autumn Annals (the history of Lu) adapted by Confucius.
After the eastward move of King Ping, some vassal states progressed in social economy.
They became stronger while the royal authority took a nose dive, gradually losing its control over them.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were over 150 kingdoms coexisting with Zhou, among them Qi, Lu, Jin, Yan, Qin, Chu, Wu, Yue, etc were the stronger.
These powerful states, relying on their military and economic advantages, launched wars to expand their territories; forcing small states follow them so as to establish their dominance as overlords.
In the early to middle stage of the Spring and Autumn Period, five dukes, namely Huangong of the Qi state, Xianggong of the Song, Wengong of the Jin, Mugong of the Qin and Zhuangwang of the Chu, once fought for the “ overlordship”，known as the “the Five Overlords of the Spring and Autumn Period”，in which Huangong of Qi was the first one to establish his hegemony by advocating respect the king and repulse the alien tribes. ”
Continuous wars brought enormous balefulness to the people giving rise to wide opposition in the small states.
Finally, in 579 BC and 546 BC, two treaties were made between Jin and Chu kingdoms, resulting in a short peace in the Central Plains.
In the epilogue to the struggle to become overlord of the Central Plains, Wu and Yue, two kingdoms located in the downstream area of the Yangtze River, rose up.
Firstly defeated by the kingdom of Wu, Goujian, the king of Yue, applied himself to the development of agriculture and training his army.
He finally got an opportunity to conquer the Wu and became the last overlord during the Spring and Autumn Period.
According to historical records, during this period, a total of thirty-six kings were killed and fifty-two vassal states were demolished.
This constant conflict and annexation of one state by another during the Spring and Autumn Period hastened social and economic change and had the effect of integrating people of different tribes and nationalities.
The consequence of this period of drastic upheavals, reshufflings and regroupings, what had been several hundred states were reconstituted into seven megastates.
China entered the Warring States Period.
用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)中國(guó)春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)3
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a conflict between the states of Jin against Chu and its allies in China in 632 BC, which is called the Battle of Chengpu.
The Jin victory confirmed the hegemony of Duke Wen of Jin and checked Chu ambitions in the north for at least a generation.
The Battle of Chengpu is probably the biggest of the Spring and Autumn Period and definitely the most detailed in the Zuo Zhuan .
It could be viewed as the first great battle in the protracted conflict between the states of the Yellow River valley, and the states of the Yangtze River valley.
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