作者：劉新會(huì)
綜觀近年來(lái)高考單項(xiàng)填空題,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)命題者為了考查考生分析和解決問(wèn)題的綜合能力,有意對(duì)試題題干進(jìn)行"加工"處理,增設(shè)干擾信息,加大解題難度。筆者現(xiàn)結(jié)合高考試題,總結(jié)歸納單選試題結(jié)構(gòu)變化的六個(gè)特點(diǎn),供高三學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)參考。
一、相鄰成分分離化
原本連在一起的句子成分經(jīng)過(guò)命題者的巧妙設(shè)置出現(xiàn)了分離現(xiàn)象。
[考例]
1. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that B. while C. which D. when
析:本題題干相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)我們?nèi)サ糇鳡钫Z(yǔ)用的for these fans, this year, for the first time,及in years,去掉定語(yǔ)exciting則句子簡(jiǎn)化成:It was a moment, ________ their team won the World Cup.顯然,這是一個(gè)表時(shí)間的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞a moment與定語(yǔ)從句their team won the World Cup之間出現(xiàn)了分離現(xiàn)象,正確答案為D。
二、多元結(jié)構(gòu)重疊化
命題者為了綜合考查考生語(yǔ)言靈活運(yùn)用能力,往往在試題中增設(shè)多元結(jié)構(gòu)。
[考例]
2. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________ with each other.
A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled
C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled
析:通過(guò)語(yǔ)境可知,此句為并列句,其中又含有否定詞never位于句首的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用。答案為C。
3. Only when your identity has been checked, ________ .
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
析:本題不僅帶有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,又有only修飾狀語(yǔ),屬句子結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝的現(xiàn)象。正確答案為D。
三、固定結(jié)構(gòu)隱蔽化
近年來(lái)高考對(duì)固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查趨于隱蔽,使得原本熟悉的結(jié)構(gòu)變得陌生,考生很容易錯(cuò)選答案。
[考例]
4. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ________ some schools for poor children.
A. set up B. setting up
C. have set up D. having set up
析:本題考查固定搭配devote...to...(其中to為介詞,后接名詞/代詞或動(dòng)名詞)不少考生抓住he had to并迅速選擇A。其實(shí),此時(shí)had to與set up并不構(gòu)成固定搭配,因?yàn)閔e had為定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞all, set up 應(yīng)與devote all...to...構(gòu)成固定搭配,故答案為B。
四、簡(jiǎn)單結(jié)構(gòu)句式化
原本一些簡(jiǎn)單的句子,由于增加句式或增添一些詞語(yǔ),致使解題信息隱蔽含蓄。
[考例]
5. It is the ability to do the job ________ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that
C. what D. it
析:本題原來(lái)是一簡(jiǎn)單句:主語(yǔ)the ability,謂語(yǔ)是matters,句子為:The ability matters.意為:能力最要緊。題干之所以顯得繁雜是因?yàn)槭褂昧藦?qiáng)調(diào)句型,又有意增設(shè)不定式作ability的定語(yǔ)以及not where...or what...作句子的狀語(yǔ),這樣不僅增加了考生理解題干的難度,給解題也造成了一定的障礙。答案為B。
6. ________ role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.
A. How interesting
B. How an interesting
C. What interesting
D. What an interesting
析:簡(jiǎn)單的陳述句為:She played an interesting role in the film.通過(guò)句型轉(zhuǎn)換成為感嘆句。正確答案為D。
五、省略成分復(fù)雜化
有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練緊湊,往往省去一個(gè)或多個(gè)句子成分或詞語(yǔ),甚至一些重要語(yǔ)境信息,這給解題加大了難度。
[考例]
7.- Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?
- ________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
析:本題的關(guān)鍵在于能否看出此題是個(gè)省略句,答語(yǔ)省略的部分為I always make you eat an egg every day,并且也是正確解題的重要信息,答案為C。動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)。
8. - What do you think made Mary so upset?
- ________ her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
析:本題答語(yǔ)為省略句,省略了謂語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)部分,補(bǔ)充完整為L(zhǎng)osing her new bicycle( made Mary so upset ),動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),故答案為C。
六、插入成分多樣化
插入成分位置靈活,形式多種多樣,這也使得原本簡(jiǎn)單的句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化。
[考例]
9. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
析:該題插入部分as well as telephones的提前,目的就是迷惑考生 e-mail和telephones哪個(gè)是主語(yǔ),依據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,主語(yǔ)為E-mail,因此答案選A。
10. -Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.
-So do I.
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
析:該題中的插入成分working hard...lessons,其實(shí)應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),修飾the students,句子的主語(yǔ)是each,顯然缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,又根據(jù)下文So do I. 所用的時(shí)態(tài),故答案選B。