過去完成時的學(xué)習(xí)難點
溫州市14中 沈永銘325003（郵編）
時態(tài)是歷年高考英語試題中的必考知識點，也是高一英語學(xué)習(xí)的重點和疑難點。尤其是一般過去時與過去完成時的比較很容易混淆，特別值得大家引起足夠的重視。
一. 概念：
1.過去完成時由助動詞had加過去分詞構(gòu)成，主要表示在過去某時之前業(yè)已發(fā)生的動作或情況，也可以說是“過去時間的過去”。其被動形式為“had+been+p.p”。例如：
1).Up until then we had covered nearly half the distance .（直到那時我們幾乎已經(jīng)走了一半的路程。）
2)By the end of last term more than 3,000 English words had been learnt by us at our middle schools.（到上學(xué)期末為止， 我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會了3，000多個英語單詞。）
2.在包含when，as soon as，before，after，until，now that 等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句中，如果主句的謂語和從句的謂語表示的過去動作是在不同的時間發(fā)生的話，那么首先發(fā)生的動作通常需用過去完成時表示，而發(fā)生在后的動作通常用一般過去時表示；這也可以說是“過去動作的過去”。例如：
3）Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.(我剛一到家,天就開始下雨了。)
4）Tom had pressed the button on the computer before we could stop him.（我門還來不及阻止他，湯姆就已經(jīng)按了電腦上的按鈕。）
二. 過去完成時與一般過去時的比較
1. 在表示某人過去未曾完成的“心愿”、“打算”、“計劃”、“想法”、“許諾”等時，hope,mean,plan,want,promise,intend等謂語動詞必須用過去完成時。例如：
5）.I had planned to offered you some help in your shop, but suddenly my mother fell ill yesterday.(昨天我原本計劃在你店里幫一些忙的，但是我媽媽突然犯病了。)
6）.He had hoped to spend the important day with us last Sunday， but he was too busy then.(上星期日他原本很想與我們一起度過這個重要的日子,可是他當(dāng)時實在太忙了。)
2．在表示過去的句子中出現(xiàn)與完成時態(tài)連用的象征詞，如：already，yet，since，for，ever，never及次數(shù)名詞等時，常用過去完成時來表示。例如 ：
7）They had already finished doing their homework when the teacher came into their bedroom.(當(dāng)老師走進他們的寢室時，他們早已做好了回家作業(yè)。)
8）.The old man said that he wanted to go where he had never been .(老人說他想到他從未去過的地方去。)
3．如果句中出現(xiàn)了表示具體過去的時間狀語，句子的額內(nèi)容為過去的實際情況或句子的內(nèi)容為歷史史實時，句中的動詞時態(tài)只能用一般過去時。例如：
9).The teacher said that it was Columbus who first discovered the American continent.(老師說是哥倫布最早發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲大陸。)
10).My parents told me that I was born on May 6th,1986.(我的父母告訴我說我是1986年五月6日出生的。)
4.如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生時，則常常不用過去完成時，而用一般過去時，特別是在包含before 和after 的復(fù)合句中。例如：
11).After we said good-bye to the farmers, we left the mountain village.(在我們和農(nóng)民們告別了之后我們就離開了水草那個山村。)
12）Just before I left Wenzhou, I sent my parents a telephone.(在離開溫州前我給我的父母親打了一個電話。)
5．表述說話人始料未及的事情時，句子的位于動詞常用一般過去時。由于受漢語表述習(xí)慣的影響，有的人常忘了用過去時。例如：
--Oh, it’s you! I ______you.
--I’ve just had my haid cut, and I’m wearing new glasses.(1996年上海市高考題)
A.didn’t recognize B.hadn’t recognized C.haven’t recognized D.don’t recognixe
6．有時這兩個時態(tài)都可以用，意思上差異不大。例如：
13).As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they began working again.(雨一停他們又開始干活。)
14)．We watched the PLA soldiers until they (had) disappeared from sight.(我們望著解放軍戰(zhàn)士們，直到看不見為止。)
7．過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有在和過去的某時或某一動作相比較時才用。一般過去時表示的時間是過去發(fā)生的，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)系。
請完成以下配套練習(xí)：
1。Alice had to wait outside of her house because she ______ her keys in her office until her husband ________.(MET1992)
A.left;returned B.has left;will return C.had left;would return D.had left;returned
2.You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired.(NMET1996)
A.drove;didn’t get B.drove;wouldn’t get
C.were driving;wouldn’t get D.had driven;wouldn’t have got
3.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________.(NMET1995)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
4.-Come on Peter. I want to show you something.
---Oh, how nice of you! I ______ you _________ to bring me a gift.(MET1993)
A.never think;are going B.never thought;were going
C.didn’t think;were going D.hadn’t thought;were going
5.Hardly________ ourselves in the theatre when the curtain ______ up.
A.had we seated;went B.we had seated;went
C.seated;had gone D.did we seated;went
6.The police found that the house_________ and a lot of things ______.(NMET1994)
A.had broken into;had been stolen B.has broken into;has been stolen
C.has been broken into;stolen D.had been broken into;stolen
7．--Were they good to you during your stay there?
--Sure. I _______ one of the family there.
A.was treated as B.were treated like
C.had been looked on like D.had been considered as
8.When they went to the theatre, the play ______ for five minutes.
A.had begun B.has begun C.had been on D. was on
9.It was obviously that the man ______ driving on the free way for almost an hour when he ______ that he must come back.
A.was;was told B.had been;was told C.had been;told D.was;was told
10.Bt the time he was twelve, Edison _______ to make a living by himself.(MET1983)
A.would begin B.has begun C.had begun D.began
Keys:1.D 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B10.C
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳