Unit1名詞
☆一、考點聚焦
1.可數(shù)名詞單、復數(shù)變化形式
（1）規(guī)則變化。
①單數(shù)名詞詞尾直接加-s。如：boy - boys, pen - pens。
②以s、x 、ch 、sh結尾的單詞一般加-es。如：glass - glasses,box- boxes, watch - watches, brush - brushes。
特例：stomach - stomaches。
③以“輔音字母 + y”結尾的變“y”為“i”再加“-es”。如：
baby - babies, lady - ladies, fly - flies。
④以“o”結尾的多數(shù)加-es。如：tomato - tomatoes, potato - potatoes, hero - heroes。但以兩個元音字母結尾的名詞和部分外來詞中以o結尾的詞只加-s。 如：radio - radios, zoo - zoos, photo - photos, piano - pianos, kilo - kilos, tobacco - tobaccos。
⑤以“f”或“fe”結尾的名詞復數(shù)形式變“f”或“fe”為“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife - wives, life - lives, knife - knives, wolf- wolves, self - selves, leaf - leaves等。特例：handkerchief- handkerchiefs, roof - roofs, chief - chiefs, gulf - gulfs, belief - beliefs, cliff - cliffs。
⑥改變元音字母的。如：man - men, mouse - mice, foot - feet,
woman - women, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, ox - oxen。特例：child - children。
⑦復合名詞的復數(shù)形式。（A）在復合詞中最后名詞尾加-s。如：armchair - armchairs, bookcase - bookcases, bookstore - book-
stores。（B）man和woman作定語修飾另一個名詞時，前后兩個名詞都要變成復數(shù)。如：man doctor - men doctors, woman driver - women dri-
vers。（C）與介詞或副詞一起構成的復合名詞應在主體名詞部分加-s。如：brother-in-law - brothers-in-law, passer-by - passers-by。
⑧有的名詞有兩種復數(shù)形式。如：zero - zeros 、zeroes, deer -
deers 、deer。penny的兩種復數(shù)形式含義有所不同。如：pence（便士的錢數(shù)），pennies(便士的枚數(shù))。
（2）不規(guī)則變化。
①單、復數(shù)同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,
Japanese, sheep, works（工廠）,cattle。
②合成名詞的復數(shù)。如：boy-friend - boy-friends, go-between- go-betweens(中間人)，grown-up - grown-ups。
③有些名詞通常只用作復數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods
貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物,wages工資，riches財富, surroundings環(huán)境，ashes灰塵, campasses圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高熱情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人問侯，in rags衣衫破爛，It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。
④集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復數(shù)，如：people,
cattle, police; 有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復數(shù)，單數(shù)看做整體，復數(shù)看做集體的各個成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多（指整體）；The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了（個體）。
2、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)
（1）一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當抽象名詞表示具體的東西時，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：
①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如：
抽象名詞（不可數(shù)） 具體化（個體名詞，可數(shù)名詞）
in surprise驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事
win success獲得成功 a success一個(件)成功的人(事)
win honor贏得榮譽 an honor一個(件)引以為榮的(事)
Failure(失敗)is the mother of success a failure失敗者
失敗是成功之母。
by experience靠經驗 an experience一次經歷
youth青春 a youth一個青年人
have pity on sb.憐憫某人 a pity可惜的事情
with pleasure樂意 a pleasure樂事
②抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。如：
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?
It is waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
(2)物質名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：
①物質名詞有形或數(shù)的相應物體，有單、復數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些飲料, a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料，his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。
②物質名詞有前置后置修飾時，前面要使用不定冠詞。
have breakfast The road is covered with snow.
have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.
Time and tide wait for no man.
We had a wonderful time last night.
(3)有復數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞
①有些抽象名詞往往以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，起到一種豐富語言感情色彩或強調某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如：
Use your brains, please.
They have smoothed away the difficulties.
Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?
Many thanks for your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After many failures, they finally succeeded.
②有些物質名詞以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示數(shù)量之多，范圍之廣。如：
The boy burst into tears at the bad news.
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.
The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.
3.名詞所有格
（1）“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：
① 用于表示時間、距離、價格、重量等的名詞后，如：today’s
newspaper,five minutes’walk(drive),five pounds’weight, tend
ollars’worth of coffee。
②用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如：the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。
（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：
①表示“部分”時，一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個表示數(shù)量的詞（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.張老師的一些學生已經上大學了。
②表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思時，用：a friend of Tom’s
湯姆的一個朋友（許多朋友中的一位）。
③表示贊揚、批評或厭惡等感情色彩時，應該用：that/this/these/
those + 名詞（單、復數(shù)）of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如：
That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那項發(fā)明是屬于全世界的（表贊賞）。
4、名詞作定語
英語中有些名詞沒有其對應的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個名詞。
（1）分類意義。
air pollution 空氣污染 boy friend 男朋友
coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得稅
tennis ball網球 song writer歌曲作家
body language身體語言 road accident交通事故
Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎
（2）時間、地點、稱呼等。
Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生 Professor Li李教授
evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠
street dance 街舞 country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂
village people村民 school education學校教育
China problem中國問題
（3）表目的、手段、來源，所屬意義。
reception desk接待臺 sports field田徑場
stone table石桌 color TV彩電
weather report天氣預報
★二、精典名題導解
選擇填空
1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.
(NMET 2001)
A.an art much as B.much an art as
C.as an art much as D.as much an art as
解析：答案為D。當名詞前有what、so、as、too、quite等詞修飾時，其形容詞被這些詞修飾，組成下列結構，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，應采取too/how + 形容詞（副詞）+ a(an) + 名詞的形式。要記住一些類似的特殊結構，并加以分析。
2. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）
A.price B.prize C.reward D.money
解析：答案為C。price 價格，價錢；prize獎金。Ｄ項是錢，屬不可數(shù)名詞，題中所要填的是“酬金，報酬”。注意正確理解名詞的含義及其搭配是活用語言的基礎，在復習備考中要熟練掌握考綱中一些名詞的詞義、搭配、習慣等，才能更好辨析名詞，從而選擇最符合句意的選項。
3.You’ll find this map of great _____________in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）
A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness
解析：答案為C。本題考查特定語境中名詞的詞義及“be of + 抽象名詞”結構。Price (價格)，cost（價錢，費用，成本）不符合題意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解時，常與of搭配，在句中作表語或補語，意為“有用，有價值”。故選擇value。注意名詞詞義辨異及慣用法表達，題中“of + 抽象名詞”相當于該名詞的形容詞形式。
三、專項訓練
一、名詞
1.Not only I but also Jane and Mary_______tired of having one examination after another.
A.is B.are C.am D.be
2.When and where to build the new factory_______yet.
A.is not decided B.are not decided
C.has not decided D.have not decided
3.“All_______present and all_______going on well.”said the leader.
A.is;is B.is;are C.are;are D.are;is
4.It_______Jack and John who_______been to Shanghai.
A.is;has B.are;have C.is;have D.are;has
5.What I say and think_______no business of yours.
A.be B.is C.are D.being
6.About 80% of China’s population_______living in the country.
A.is B.has C.have D.are
7.Tom as well as his friends_______invited to the party.
A.was B.were C.have D.has
8.Either the teachers or the headmaster_______the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.
A.is handing out B.are to hand out
C.are handing out D.is to hand out
9.Only one of these places_______.
A.worth visiting B.is worth being visited
C.is worth visiting D.are worth visiting
10.More than one student_______answered the question.
A.is B.has C.have D.are
11.Ten thousand li_______too long.We must take our time.
A.is B.are C.will be D.were
12.South of the city_______two great mountains.
A.is B.has C.have D.are
13.The police_______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in the theatre.
A.is searching for B.was searching for
C.are searching for D.were searching for
14.-I don’t like this ink.Don’t you like it?
-No,I like_______ink.
A.the other B.some other C.another D.some others
15.Mr Wang is so excited today,for they bought_______yesterday.
A.many furnitures B.so much furniture
C.many piece of furniture D.a lot of furniture
16.There_______a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.
A.have B.has C.is D.are
17.John’s teacher and friend_______a musician.
A.is B.are C.be D.will
18.Ten minutes_______an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A.to seem B.are seeming C.seem D.seems
19.Going to bed early and getting up early_______a good habit.
A.is B.are C.is being D.will be
20.The family_______not of one mind.
A.are B.is C.to be D.does
21.Two of them will go first,the rest_______to stay at home.
A.is B.are C.is going D.will be
22.Many a professor_______looking forward to visiting Korea at present.
A.was B.were C.is D.are
23.-How are things getting on?
-All that can be done_______.
A.have done B.has done C.have been done D.has been done
24.Don’t worry.You still have_______time.
A.a few hours’ B.many more C.a few hour’s D.little
25.I have always enjoyed_______of books.
A.the kind B.these kind C.this kind D.this kinds
26.About 15 million personal computers bought in the U.S last year were for_______.
A.the use of home B.home use C.home’s use D.the home of use
27. George is one of those people who_______trouble making up their minds.
A.are B.is C.has D.have
28.I turn to you as my last hope.If you,fail me,then my honour as well as my position_______forever lost.
A.be B.are C.is D.were
29.The majority of boys_______football.
A.likes B.like C.fond of D.care for
30.The kind of books an author writes_______on the detail of the accident.
A.depends B.depend C.has been depended D.will be depend
31.Every means_______tried without much result.
A.has been B.have been C.are D.is
32.Neither his parents nor he_______a change of air be going abroad.
A.hope to have B.hopes to have C.hopes to D.hope to
參考答案
1-10 BADCB DADCB 11-20 ADDBD CADAA 21-30 BCDAC BDCBA 31-32 AB